Orthoevolution

Zielgerichtetheit

Definition

Fußnoten

• [1] Orthoevolution. In: Spektrum Lexikon der Biologie. Abgerufen am 3. Mai 2023. Online: https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie/orthoevolution/48285
  

• [2] Wachsende Komplexität als Ergebnis von Metasystem-Transitionen: "Throughout the evolution of life, metasystems have consistently increased living system complexity (Miller andMiller 1990;Smith andSzathmáry1995).Common examples include the emergenceofprokaryotes,eukaryotes,multicellularity,sexuality,societies,andsuperorganisms […].These metasystems have emerged in a hierarchical and developmentally constrained nature […],through progressive and cooperative symbioses at various levels of biological organization […].This simplymeans that previous metasystems act as structured platforms for the emergence of higher cooperation […]" In: Cadell Last: Human metasystem transition (HMST) theory. Journal of Evolution & Technology. 25. 16. 2015. DOI: 10.55613/jeet.v25i1.36. Online: https://jeet.ieet.org/index.php/home/article/view/36/36
  

• [3] Dass Evolution manchmal, aber nicht immer zu einer Höherentwicklung sondern auch zu einer Rückentwicklung führen kann, bemerkte bereits im Jahr 1898 der Engländer Herbert Spencer: "Evolution is commonly conceived to imply in everything an intrinsic tendency to become something higher. This is an erroneous conception of it. In all cases it is determined by the co-operation of inner and outer factors. This co-operation works changes until there is reached an equilibrium between the environing actions and the actions which the aggregate opposes to them—a complete equilibrium if the aggregate is without life, and a moving equilibrium if the aggregate is living. Thereupon evolution, continuing to show itself only in the progressing integration that ends in rigidity, practically ceases. If, in the case of the living aggregates forming a species, the environing actions remain constant, the species remains constant. If the environing actions change, the species changes until it re-equilibriates itself with them. But it by no means follows that this change constitutes a step in evolution. Usually neither advance nor recession results; and often, certain previously-acquired structures being rendered superfluous, there results a simpler form. Only now and then does the environing change initiate in the organism a new complication, and so produce a somewhat higher structure." In: Herbert Spencer Part of: The Principles of Sociology, 3 vols. (1898). The Principles of Sociology, vol. 1 (1898)." Dort der Abschnitt §50. Online: https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/spencer-the-principles-of-sociology-vol-1-1898