Linuxverzeichnisse
Standard Ordner auf Linux Systemen
Basiswissen
Kopie des Wikipedia-Artikels „Filesystem Hierarchy Standard“ 2016
/
- > Primary hierarchy root and root directory of the entire file system hierarchy.
/bin
- > Essential command binaries that need to be available in single user mode; for all users, e.g., cat, ls, cp.
/boot
- > Boot loader files, e.g., kernels, initrd.
/dev
- > Essential devices, e.g., /dev/null.
/etc
- > Host-specific system-wide configuration files
There has been controversy over the meaning of the name itself. In early versions of the UNIX Implementation Document from Bell labs, /etc is referred to as the etcetera directory, as this directory historically held everything that did not belong elsewhere (however, the FHS restricts /etc to static configuration files and may not contain binaries). Since the publication of early documentation, the directory name has been re-explained in various ways. Recent interpretations include backronyms such as "Editable Text Configuration" or "Extended Tool Chest".
/etc/opt
- > Configuration files for add-on packages that are stored in /opt/.
/etc/sgml
- > Configuration files, such as catalogs, for software that processes SGML.
/etc/X11
- > Configuration files for the X Window System, version 11.
/etc/xml
- > Configuration files, such as catalogs, for software that processes XML.
/home
- > Users' home directories, containing saved files, personal settings, etc.
/lib
- > Libraries essential for the binaries in /bin/ and /sbin/.
/lib
- > Alternate format essential libraries. Such directories are optional, but if they exist, they have some requirements.
/media
- > Mount points for removable media such as CD-ROMs (appeared in FHS-2.3).
/mnt
- > Temporarily mounted filesystems.
/opt
- > Optional application software packages.
/proc
- > Virtual filesystem providing process and kernel information as files. In Linux, corresponds to a procfs mount.
/root
- > Home directory for the root user.
/run
- > Run-time variable data: Information about the running system since last boot, e.g., currently logged-in users and running daemons.
/sbin
- > Essential system binaries, e.g., fsck, init, route.
/srv
- > Site-specific data served by this system, such as data and scripts for web servers, data offered by FTP servers, and repositories for version control systems.
/tmp
- > Temporary files (see also /var/tmp). Often not preserved between system reboots, and may be severely size restricted.
/usr
- > Secondary hierarchy for read-only user data; contains the majority of (multi-)user utilities and applications.
/usr/bin
- > Non-essential command binaries (not needed in single user mode); for all users.
/usr/include
- > Standard include files.
/usr/lib
- > Libraries for the binaries in /usr/bin/ and /usr/sbin/.
/usr/lib
- > Alternate format libraries (optional).
/usr/local
- > Tertiary hierarchy for local data, specific to this host. Typically has further subdirectories, e.g., bin/, lib/, share/.
/usr/sbin
- > Non-essential system binaries, e.g., daemons for various network-services.
/usr/share
- > Architecture-independent (shared) data.
/usr/src
- > Source code, e.g., the kernel source code with its header files.
/usr/X11R6
- > X Window System, Version 11, Release 6 (up to FHS-2.3, optional).
/var
- > Variable files—files whose content is expected to continually change during normal operation of the system—such as logs, spool files, and temporary e-mail files.
/var/cache
- > Application cache data. Such data are locally generated as a result of time-consuming I/O or calculation. The application must be able to regenerate or restore the data. The cached files can be deleted without loss of data.
/var/lib
- > State information. Persistent data modified by programs as they run, e.g., databases, packaging system metadata, etc.
/var/lock
- > Lock files. Files keeping track of resources currently in use.
/var/log
- > Log files. Various logs.
/var/mail
- > Users' mailboxes.
/var/opt
- > Variable data from add-on packages that are stored in /opt/.
/var/run
- > Run-time variable data. This directory contains system information data describing the system since it was booted.
In FHS 3.0, /var/run is replaced by /run; a system should either continue to provide a /var/run directory, or provide a symbolic link from /var/run to /run, for backwards compatibility.
/var/spool
- > Spool for tasks waiting to be processed, e.g., print queues and outgoing mail queue.
/var/spool/mail
- > Deprecated location for users' mailboxes.
/var/tmp
- > Temporary files to be preserved between reboots.